Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms
Voters have a fundamental right to know the criminal, financial and educational background of candidates contesting elections — a powerful extension of the right to know.
Issue before the court
Whether voters have a right to know the antecedents — criminal record, assets and liabilities, and educational qualifications — of candidates standing for election.
Facts in brief
The Association for Democratic Reforms sought directions requiring election candidates to disclose their background to voters. The matter reached the Supreme Court.
Holding / decision
The Court held that the right to know the antecedents of candidates is part of the citizen’s fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a). An informed voter is essential to democracy, and it directed disclosure of candidates’ criminal, financial and educational details.
The right to know is a facet of Article 19(1)(a) and extends to the information citizens need to make informed democratic choices.
The right to know — the basis of RTI — is a constitutional right that empowers citizens to hold those in power accountable.
When to cite this case
To show the breadth of the right to know as a fundamental right, beyond just government files.
Later developments / current status
The principle was reaffirmed in subsequent election cases and is reflected throughout the Right to Information Act, 2005.
Source & verification
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